Signal generating device



llllnlll'l lllylil l l Nov'. 24, 1953 s. DoBA, JR., Erm.

SIGNAL GENERATING DEVICE 5 Sheets-Sheet l Original Filed Oct. 8, 1947 T 1`10v. 24, 1953 s. DOBA, JR, ETAL 2,660,676

SIGNAL GENERATING DEVICE Original Filed Oct. 8, 1947 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 1 i*- L/NE scA/vN/Nc PER/oa (a) coup. BLANK/Nc wAvE @MINIMUM l HH l 3 Y @WERT/CAL STEP WAVE l FIELD SCANN/NG PER/0D (c )sw/TcH/Nc WAVE (d) coMPos/TE sTEP 'A VE (z')coM/=os/TE LINE scAN WAVE TIME VOLTAGE (f) Homzof/TAL scAA/ STEP WAVE PLUS BLANK/NG WAVE SYNC. WAVE *LLI-1J (g) Hofe/zoNTAL STEP WAVE H (Tryon/zou TAL scA/v 5. DOBAJR.

/NVENTOPS J, W, R/EKE.

www

S. DOBA, JR., ET AL Nov. 24, 1953 SIGNAL GENERATING DEVICE 5 Sheets-Sheet 3 Original Filed Oct. 8, 1947 QN mk N @Dx 5. DOBAJ/a /Nl/ENTORSJ. W R/E-KE /y/ J". dwg

ATTORNEV S. DOBA, JR.. IAL

SIGNAL GENERATING DEVICE NQv. 24, 1953 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 Grignal Filed 001'.. 8. 1947 v NOV. 24, 1953 s, DOBA, JR, ETAL 2,660,676

SIGNAL GENERATING DEVICE Original Filed Oct. 8, 1947 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 SDOBAJR.

ATTORNEY Patented Nov. 24, 1953 l Rickey. Basking- Ridge, 'N. l J.; aissignorszto B'ell Telephone'. .-Lahoratories, rincorporated, New

UNITED lSTATES UFF ICE York, N Y., alempor-ation.OLNeW fYork Original" application October 8; "1947;: Serial "'No. 778;660. DividedA and thisapplicatiorFebruary ;.:`15,121950, Seral`No. 144,306

Claims. 1 This inventionrelatesto.y signal` generators and more specifically to generators of' signals which canbe used, ior=-.exampgle, in noise ;interf'er ence and, signal compressiontests of1 transmission systems. .This ,.application is a :division of zapplicationSerial No. 7733660, tiled;Octobers8,;l9a7, now

U. S. Patent.2,580.,033, issuedDecember 25,1951.

It is an object of-.the'inventionvto inakapos- .sible rapid and comprehensive tests of broad `band transmissionssystems.

;It is another object'of .the invention to4 produce a signal generator which can be usedtoedeter- `mine :the noise and compression characteristics of systems. for .the transmission ;of television or .other .signals having ag. relatively widefrenergy spectrum.

Inaspecinc illustrative embodiment, alsignal generator in accordance with theinvention, comprises a source.oitelevisionblanking andgsy-nchronizingrsignals a` fgenerator controlled ..by

.the horizontal. blanking; signals for producing .tude to a maximum amplitude. in discrete steps during each line scanning= period, apgenerator controlled icy. the vertical blanking signals i for producing a signal varying-.from etw-maximum ,amplitude -to a f minimum amplitude :in discrete steps .during .each .frame scanningiperiod. a

. switching ar .plinen for alternately. transmitting the i stepped, waveform signals- .of the two-igencraters at .least once duringeach framestepfand modulators for combining theaoutpgutzofi the switching Wavegenerator. Witli-synchronizing;v and blanking signals to form-acompositegtest'V signal.

The composite stest signal may be passed ...through a .transmission circuit `to be testedzand the resultant signal displayed as ag-poture upon signal indicates the eleotof noisefatiallbrightness levels simultaneously. Atfurtner featureis .that the compression f effects zati frame .scanning frequency` and at line scanning frequency .can be indicated simultaneously. A zstill. further -featureis that the change .in brightness-.levels of vthe test picture'rnay be readilyadjusted to occur either .linearly or exponentially.

1Thedinvention .will 0ice `more readily understood ccomisanyingsdrawingsforming a .-partthereof 1n 4which Fig. l is .asimplifiedblockdiagram.of a system :sinoludingzanj illustrative vembodiment. of a isignal y:.-;.gelfleratorfin. .accordance .with the invention;

-..f:Fig..-2 showszthe wavef'orrnsutilized in thezilluszztrativezemloodiment of Fig lfinthe-production 0f a :composite :test isignal; Fig; 3 isa'simplinedrepresentation:of the pio- -..ture -.f ormed orntheaface `oi as cathode ray-.monitor ig. 1- ai; at; thefrlef t, :show aisclcernatic` i diagram of L"ari'lseiul :specific embodiment of the ztest signal generator of;theinrentionggand Eig. G .snawsga photograph ifof :the picture u-forrned. byiztner testfsignal Lof the; speciczembodi- `ment-.of Eig-fi; and Figl.

,v; Reierringcto Fig. 1', aniauxiliary :signal generator f2 il lsupplieskblankingand synchronizing .scanning lines.

.- ,represtentationofathezhorizontal blanking' signal lsignals :to a ftest; signa'lggenerator 2 I Thefwaveforms .ofthefsignals `areshoWn-in Fig. 2, in which -:Eig. ;2 (1a); illustrates: the. composite llolanking signal for a pictureield havingesixty .horizontal ig.: 2(6). :shows an :expanded :for-six linescanningcpcriodsvand Fig.. 2 (2.7L) -1 shows i the-corresponding -fhorizontal` synchronizing: sig- :nals It isrto-he understoodatnat .the representa- ...tions .on therblanking randa-synchronizing .signals fshownin. theidrawing-fare. simplined for .theapurv,poses onillustration andnscussion andEJthatin an application.- of .the invention the scanning rates' and waveforms..of the signals would Y'prei- Veralol'y' be in accordance .with RMA. standards.

"The'blankingsignals derived Afrom the auxiliary signalgenerator.are utilized in the test. sig- Y nal; generator j' 2i to control the generationof the "components-'of the test signal. A horizontal step mwave-fgenerator 2-responsive `to the horizontal fscanzbl-anking yWave 4produces asignal 'which varies from maximum to minimum-amplitude :in discrete steps-during a linescanni-ngperiod as ris-shown'.in1iiig:2(f).Y Such a signalf-serves'to @form afpictureilinehaving graduated brightness @maximum to fminimum brightness across i the "..picture- Similarly, fa vertical'rstepwave genr`erator 23fresponsi-ve to the v:vertical-"o1"frame blanking Wave produces a signal vwhich varies from :maximum to minimum amplitude in disrcrete steps during aframe scanning period. The :waveLshoWn'f-iniliig. 2(19) thus providesgraduated #brightness levels in which the varia tion from maximum to minimum brightness occurs at frame scanning rate.

A switching wave generator 24, which may be responsive to either the vertical blanking component of the blanking signal derived from the auxiliary signal generator or the vertical step wave generator 23, generates a switching wave having a period preferably equal to the duration of one step of the vertical step Wave as is shown in Fig. 2(c). The switching wave controls a switching wave amplier which alternately transmits the waves of Fig. 2(1)) generated by the vertical step Wave generator 23 and the waves of Fig. 2(1) generated by the horizontal step Wave generator 22. For the illustrative waveforms shown there would thus be ve horizontal scanning lines of the amplitude of the frame step wave followed by five horizontal scanning lines of stepped amplitude as is shown in Fig. 2(d). For purposes of simplied illustration the stepped amplitudes of the horizontal scanning lines are represented by the sloping sides on each of the pulses shown in the figure. The combined waves are then modulated by a blanking modulator 26 to superpose the blanking wave while the synchronizing signal is added by a synchronizing signal mixer 21. The resultant signal is a composite test signal of which Fig. 2(1) is representative of a group of six horizontal scanning lines.

The composite test signal is applied through a transmission circuit 28 under test to a monitoring oscilloscope 29. A separating circuit 30 separates the synchronizing components of the composite signal from the blanking and picture signals in accordance with techniques well known in :1 .f1

the television art. The synchronizing signals control a deflection voltage generator 3| and the deflection voltages are applied to the deflection plates 32, 33, 34, and of a cathode ray tube 35 to cause the electron beam to sweep out a raster upon a screen 31 in accordance with usual television practice. The blanking and picture signals are ampliied by a wide band amplifier and applied to a control grid 29 to intensity modulate the electron beam.

Referring now to Fig. 3, there is shown a simplied representation of the picture formed upon the screen 31 of the cathode ray tube 36 by the illustrative test signal of Fig. 2. The picture is composed of twelve horizontal strips corresponding to the groups of horizontal scanning lines alternately transmitted by the switching ampliiier 25 of the test signal generator 2|. Alternate groups of lines are of uniform brightness within each group but change in brightness from group to group. Thus the groups of lines designated by the letters A, B, C, D, E and F correspond in brightness level to the amplitudes of the steps A, B, C, D, E and F of the vertical scan step wave of Fig. 2(1)), each group of lines being of a brightness level determined by the amplitude of the wave step.

The remainder of the groups of horizontal scanning lines are of stepped brightness level across the picture. Thus the letters G, H, I, J, K 6

and L across the top of the picture of Fig. 3 represents the steps of brightness level corresponding to the steps in amplitude G, H, I, J, K and L of the horizontal scanning step wave of Fig. 2(1). Each group of lines decreases from a maximum brightness level at the left side of the picture, corresponding to a maximum signal amplitude G of Fig. 2(1). to a minimum brightness level at the right side of the picture, corre- 4 sponding to a minimum signal amplitude L of Fig. 2U)

It will thus be seen that the test picture produced by the invention may incorporate many brightness levels with the brightness level variation occurring simultaneously at frame scanning rate and at line scanning rate. The advantage of the invention Will be further apparent from a consideration of the many possible adaptations of the method of the invention. Thus, the range of brightness level variation may be from black to White, or in any intermediate range. Further, the change in brightness from one step to the next may be uniform, thus providing a linear contrast function, or the change in brightness may be proportional to the brightness of the step, thus providing an exponential contract function. Finally, the number of steps or gradations of brightness may be readily controlled or adjusted in accordance with the type of test information desired.

Referring now to Figs. 4 and 5, there is shown a schematic diagram of a speciiic embodiment of the test signal generator of the invention. The illustrative embodiment performs essentially the same functions previously described in connection with the test signal generator 2| of Fig. 1 and is intended to be utilized in conjunction with an RMA synchronizing signal generator which will furnish positive blanking and synchronizing signals.

Brieiiy stated, the test signal generator includes a vertical step wave generator for producing a wave varying in discrete steps from maximum to minimum amplitude during a frame scanning period, a horizontal step wave generator 4| for producing a wave varying in discrete steps from maximum to minimum amplitude during a line scanning period, a switching amplifier t2 for alternately transmitting the signals of the step wave generators 4U and 4|, a switching wave generator 43 responsive to the vertical step wave generator 40 for controlling the switching amplifier 42, a blanking wave modulator 44 for modulating the combined step waves in accordance with standard blanking signals supplied by the synchronizing signal generator, a synchronizing wave mixer 45 for adding standard synchronizing signals, and an output amplifier 46 for providing a desirable output signal level and source impedance.

Proceeding now to a more detailed description of the test signal generator, the vertical step wave generator 4G is controlled by a composite blanking wave supplied by the external synchronizing signal generator. The blanking wave is applied through a coupling condenser 4'! to a cathode 48 of a tube TI. The coupling condenser 41 in conjunction with a cathode register 49 has a time constant such that only the vertical or frame blanking wave of the composite blanking wave is differentiated. Thus, there is applied to the cathode 48 of tube TI a series of positive pulses with the addition of a broad negative pulse at the cessation of the vertical or frame blanking wave. The control grid 50 of tube T| is grounded While an anode 5| is connected through a plate coupling resistor 52, a primary winding 53 of a step-down transformer 54, and a common coupling resistor 55 to the positive pole of a source of high potential.

Tube TI serves as a trigger tube for tube T2 which is arranged in a blocking oscillator circuit of a type well known in the art. Thus, as the cathode 48 of tube T| is driven negative by the .negative portion of*j the rdiierentiated.` v`frame /iblanking Wave, i the current drawn y by the anode 5l and tube Tl, and hence through the primary Windingv 53 of the transformer'5ll, will tend to increase abruptly. A secondary 55 of Athe transformer-54 is so .connected .as to impress aA positive potential pulse upon acontrohgrid 5l `and hence charge aigrid cOndenSer'EBf" during the vperiod when-the currentthrough theprimary of vthe transformer 155. is increasing. During this same fperiod .the `currentdrawnby fan y. anode 53 of `tube T2 rapidlyreaches thesaturationl point for the tube thus producing a `further increase in the .currentthroughthe :primary of the transformer 156. As 'soon yasthe current owihas reached .its'zmaximum-.thepo- Vtential across the-secondary'drops to .zero,.the charge of the condenser- 581Jdrives :fthe c'ontrol r grid 5l` negative .and the currentdrawnby the anode 59 decreases. As azresultliof the decreasing current, a" negative. potential:` is developed across the secondary ;56 i of ithe f transformer 54 Aandtube. T2rapid1y cutsfoff. There are. thus formed across-.the potentiometer 3% c'onnected Vacross the secondary 5% of transformer'f54 positive .pulses-.offvery shortduration and coinciding fin time' Withithe trailing. edges of the frame lblanking waves.

.'Ihel positive pulsesformed by the circuit fof tube -512 a'crossithe `potentiometerfi are 4utilized `:Sto idrive ':tube T3 f which Y acts as av plate-coupled triggertubeifoi: afsecond blocking oscillator -inclu'ding' tube T4. The circuit including-tube T4 is a y blocking' oscillator of the same general Atype as that of? tube T2 Vvexcept thatv the circuitconstants are solchosenthat theA oscillator isffreethan the period between driving pulses. The grid potentiometer 63 may'beutilized to-adjust the repetitionratefof the' oscillatorl and the oscillator output is -taken 1 from" thefcircuit of j' the Lcatho'de lff'as negative"fpulsesfV acrossthe cathode vpotentior'neter 61.

Tgenerator A for `theY productiony of *waves having lan amplitude-variation inv discrete steps: suchas Jhas heretofore` been 'described inV connectionk with F-igs. land 2. Briefly-fthe generator comprises a `controlcondenser6R-which ischargedfby posiftivefpotential .pulses derived from the l blocking /oscillatorrincluding tube "T2 While negative'potentialf pulses,n derivedfromthe blocking osci-llator including .tube`T4 serve' to remove th'e'charge 'in discrete? quantities y between fthe charging Y' periods.

' i Proceeding rrovv-v to a more# detailed explanation'of the above-mentioned generatorfpositive s 'ipotential pulses havingaf repetition rate equal to/frame scanning frequency'are supplied 'from Y".thepotentiometer .6D through a Jcharging diode T5tothficontrolcon'denserl. Thus the condenser 'vvill'be charged-to a potentialleveldetermined bythe setting -ofV the potentiometer Vlill at the lend of everyrframe'blanking Wave.

During the periods lb'etween 1 the i arrival of i the ipositivep-otential charging pulses, negative potential pulses-derived lrom i the -potentiometer El are fapplied through *thezfcoupllng tcondensers ..69 r.and J0 .and a; .diode T6 --to: theicondenserd. A blocking diode VTlconnectedtoithe-negative pulse circuit intermediatethe condensers-GB and 'it andthe diode TE has a cathode-1|maintained at a potential level fhigher than the peakspotential level of the positive pulses so asto'fprevent conduction except during .theffperiod While'th-e 'negative pulses are arriving. .Forftheg'eneration of step Waves in'which the amplitudelevels `change in accordance with an-exponentialffunctiem-switch 'l2 is set in the Exposition. The: grid I3 of tube T8 then assumes a potential'fdetermined bythe voltage divider/resistors Hand-'l5 andthe potentialof the :cathode 'l I .remains'xed .Under such conditions the ramount fof charge removed from the controlcondenserfby aneg- Za'tive pulse willi decrease for each successive" pulse Vand the .potentialacrossthe vcontrolllcondenser will `approach -exponentially' a voltage iequal to the` difference between the potential"of..the cathode ll Vof the blockingfdiode T'Ifandzthezpotential level ofthe negative'pulses. AForthegenera tion of step A'Waves in which .the amplitude levels :change in accordance' with a linear function, the switchlz'is set'to the Lposition. Y'Ihefipo- .tential of. the grid "13 oftheftube T8 and ithence the potential `of the cathode 17| Tof `the, blocking diode T1 listhen determined I.by 'the :potential across the. control Ycondenser!'frandv=` the amount 'of decrease in potential." is the sameifor; each :negative pulse. Under such conditionstheicoupling condenser. le# iss-removed? from lthe L circuit ln or'der'to provide al greater 4capacltyi ratio Lvloetween the control condenser 68 and thefcoupling condenser 'B8 vand Ahence prevent -the "complete "removal of the charge from f the control ifcon- .denser by three'or -fourfnegative pulses. SFig.

2(1)) is illustrative offthe Wave-formfproduced is adjusted -for the generation of'a'linearly'va'r'ying step Wave.

A horizontal step Wavevgeneratondl operatesfin thesame generalashiOn-asdOes the-verticalstep Wave generator -l'toprovide a wave in which the stepped amplitude 'variations occura't line scanningrate. Thus a dilerentiator 'lfresporisive to the line scan blanking 'Waves' providesv negaftive' pulses'for the control-'of atrigger 'ampliher 50 l'landa blocking oscillator 78 Whichinlturnf generates short fpositivev'pulses having a irepetiti'on Y rate equal'to" line scanning frequency. A- trigger amplifier 119' responsive'to the 'positive pulses "'cle rived from theblocking oscillaton18;and'a'blockm ing oscillator E!! produce lnegative'pulses yhaving Varepetition'- rate several times greater than line 'scanning `iretpuency. Theposit-ive and negative potential pulses derived from the aforementioned blocking oscillators are combined in-a step-Wave generator Bl, similar in function'tonthe generator comprising tubes T5, T6, vT'la'n'd T8, to'` produce va line scanning wave of stepped amplitude.

'Fig'. 2(3) is illustrativeof a linearly steppedrline scanning Wave.

4A switching amplinersz comprising tubesTI-l and Tl!) performs'the 'function of VValternately `transmittingthe stepped waves'generated by the vertical step Iwave generator '40 and-'thehorizontal'step Wave generatorl. nThestep wave-varying at vertical 'or frame scanning frequency isapn plied from thecontrol 'condenserl-throughxa conductor Z to a controlsgrids of tubeiTQf'while the step wave varying at horizontal or line-scanning 'frequency from lthe'zstep VWave :generator .#8 I

is applied through.- a conductorffito aicontrol grid 85 of tube Tl. Tubes T9 and Tl!) have a common plate coupling resistor BS so that as the respective cathode potentials are alternately driven to a cut-off or non-conducting condition by a switching wave generator 43, the two step Waves will alternately appear in the common plate circuit.

The switching wave generator 43 produces a switching wave of rectangular waveform such as that shown in Fig. 2(c) and having an oscillation period essentially equal to the duration of one step of the frame frequency step wave. The switching wave generator :i3 includes tubes Tll and T|2 connected in a multivibrator circuit of well-known type and a plate coupled trigger tube Ti3. Tubes TE i and TS are connected to a common cathode resistor 8l while tubes Tlt and TIB are connected to a common cathode resistor 8e. Hence, as tubes Til and TIE become alternately conducting and non-conducting in the oscillation cycle of the multivibrator the Variations in cathode potential of tubes T9 and Tit cause those tubes to become alternately conducting and nonconducting in a similar fashion. The trigger tube- Tl3 is responsive to positive pulses derived from the grid condenser Gi of tube Td and serves to synchronize the oscillation of the multivibrator at the time of change in the amplitude of the vertical step wave. Thus, the switching process is started at the beginning of each period of constant vertical step amplitude and then operates freely to return at some time near the middle of a vertical step period. The time at which this free running return occurs may be determined by the adjustment of a grid potentiometer The composite step wave appearing at the cornmon plate circuit of tubes T9 and T l is modulated in accordance with the standard blanking by a blanking wave modulator i. The blanking signals are supplied from an external source and impressed through a conductor 9G and a coupling network comprising a condenser $1 and cathode resistors 92 and 93 upon a cathode @t of tube Till. Potential variations appearing in the plate circuit 95 of tube Tlc are applied to a grid sii of tube Tit which is coupled to tube TIS by means of a common cathode resistor Q1. The composite step wave derived from the switching amplifier 42 is applied through a coupling condenser S8 to a control grid 9S of tube Ti so that the signal appearing in the common plate circuit ii of tubes TIG, Ti' and T58 is a combined step wave and blanking wave. Tube Til is connected as a degenerative amplier to produce a blanlzing wave in the common plate circuit it in reverse phase to that produced in the common cathode resistor Sil by the tube Tl. Thus, the amplitude of the blanking wave which is mixed with the composite step wave may be controlled by adjustment of the cathode potentiometer lili.

synchronizing signals are added to the blanklng wave modulated composite step wave by a synchronizing wave mixer 45. The synchronizing signals are supplied from an external source through a conductor m2 and acathode potentiometer w3 to a cathode iili of tube T58. A plate m of tube Ti ."l is connected to the common plate circuit it@ so that potential variations at that point will be further varied in accordance with the synchronizing waves. The cathode potentiometer ist serves to adjust the amplitude of the impressed synchronizing waves.

It will be apparent that the potential variations in the common plate circuit i553 will be a composite of the step waves, blanking waves, and

synchronizing waves. Fig. 2(2') is representative of a series of horizontal scanning lines of such a composite wave.

The composite test signal appearing at the common plate circuit Ii'i of tube TIB, TH and T18 is amplified by an output amplifier 46. In the output amplier d, tubes TIS and T2D comprise a voltage amplifier which serves to impress a sunicient signal voltage upon a control grid liliof the final amplifier tube TZI. In order to provide a more uniform amplification over a wide frequency range, stabilize the frequency characteristlc, and provide a low output impedance in the output amplifier, a portion of the output voltage of tube T2| is impressed through the network comprising condensers |21 and |08, and resistor i219 upon the cathode circuit of tube Tl9. The amplied test signal is applied to the circuits to be tested through a condenser H0 and an irnpedance matching resistor H l.

There is shown in Fig. 6 a photograph of a picture produced upon the face of a cathode ray monitor tube when the signal of the signal generator of the invention is utilized in practice. The results shown were obtained in the utilization of the embodiment of the test signal generator shown in Figs. 4 and 5 arranged to produce a standard RMA signal waveform of 525 lines per frame. It will be noted that fifteen steps or brightness levels are utilized both in the horizontal scanning lines and in the groups of lines having a brightness variation at frame scanning rate. Such a number of steps has been found to adequately indicate noise and compression efects at brightness levels from black to white in television transmission systems.

It is to be understood that while the invention has been described primarily in connection with the testing of transmission circuits for black and white television systems, it is by no means limited to such use. rThus the invention may be useful not only for the testing of multi-color television systems, but, generally for the testing of circuits intended to be utilized for the transmission of signals having a wide frequency spectrum.

What is claimed is:

1. In a television signal generator, means for generating a blanking signal, means for generating a synchronizing signal, means for generating from said blanking signal a verticalstepwavehaving constant amplitude during a period less than a eld scanning period but varying in amplitude by discrete steps during each field scanning period, means for generating from said blanking signal a horizontal scan step wave of line scanning period varying in amplitude by discrete steps during each line scanning period, and means for combining in predetermined sequence said vertical step wave and said horizontal scan step wave with said blanking signal and with said synchronizing signal to produce a composite test signal.

2. In a television signal generator, means for generating a blanking signal, means for generating a synchronizing signal, means for generating from said blanking signal pulses separated by a line scanning period, means for generating from said pulses a Vertical step wave having constant amplitude for each two line scanning periods but varying in amplitude by discrete steps during each field scanning period, means for generating from said blanking signal gate pulses separated by less than a line scanning period, means for generating from said gate pulses a horizontal scan step Wave of line scanning period and varying in amplitude by discrete steps during each line scanning period, and means for combining alternately said Vertical step Wave and said horizontal scan step Wave with said blanking signal and said synchronizing signal to produce a composite test signal.

3. In a television signal generator, means for generating a blanking signal, means for generating a synchronizing signal, means for generating from said blanking signal a Vertical step Wave characterized by constant amplitude during a period less than a eld scanning period but varying linearly in amplitude by discrete steps during each field scanning period, means for generating from said blanking signal a horizontal scan step Wave of line scanning period linearly varying in amplitude by discrete steps during each line scanning period, and means for combining alternately said Vertical step Wave and said horizontal scan step Wave with said blanking signal and said synchronizing signal to form a composite test signal.

4. In a television signal generator, means for generating a blanking signal, means for generating a synchronizing signal, means for generating from said blanking signal a Vertical step wave characterized by constant amplitude during a period less than a eld scanning period but Varying exponentially in amplitude by discrete steps during each field scanning period, means for gen erating from said blanking signal a horizontal scan step Wave of line scanning period exponentially Varying in amplitude by discrete steps during each line scanning period, and means for combining alternately said vertical step wave and said horizontal scan step wave with said blanking signal and said synchronizing signal to form a composite test signal.

STEPHEN DOBA, JR.

JOHN W. RIEKE.

References Cited in the le of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS OTHER REFERENCES R. C. A. Review, volume VI, No. 2, October 1941.

De Baun Oct. 9, 1951 

